Syria archaeological sites looted ‘on industrial scale’

SOFIA - Agence France-Presse

AFP Photos

Not only are many being destroyed, archaeological sites in Syria are also being looted “on an industrial scale,” with proceeds from the plunder funding the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the head of UNESCO warned on Sept. 16.

“Satellite imagery shows that archaeological sites in Syria are dotted by thousands of illegal excavations ... showing there is looting on an industrial scale,” Irina Bokova said at a conference in the Bulgarian capital Sofia on combatting the looting of Syria’s cultural heritage.

“Limiting the trafficking in cultural property is a top priority because it finances the actions of the extremists,” she said. “The world expects us to undertake decisive and uncompromising actions ... to stop this source of funding for the extremists.” 

Syria is considered a cradle of human civilization and is home to some of the world’s most precious monuments of antiquity, including six UNESCO world heritage sites.

In four years of civil war and with ISIL militants controlling large swathes of the country, the Association for the Protection of Syrian Archaeology (APSA) says that more than 900 monuments and archeological sites have been looted, damaged or destroyed.

The jihadists have blown up several famed tower tombs at the UNESCO-listed world heritage site of Palmyra, which they captured in May.


In August, they murdered the 82-year-old retired head of antiquities in Palmyra, Khaled al-Assad, and hung his mutilated body in public.

Bokova slammed the destruction at Palmyra as “an impudent crime against civilization because it was a symbol of cultural dialogue, a material proof of the ability of cultures to interact. “This is what the extremists are seeking to destroy,” she said.

“It is not simply the history of Syria that they are trying to destroy today but a whole page of the history of humanity,” Syria’s antiquities director Maamun Abdulkarim told the Sofia conference via video link.

Abdulkarim showed numerous before-and-after maps and pictures of badly damaged statues and holed out monuments in Apamea, Ebla, Palmyra and historic buildings in the ancient cities of Aleppo and Bosra, two UNESCO sites.

He said the extremists systematically destroyed cultural heritage because it went contrary to some of their doctrines but also because “heritage is a source of funding for extremist groups”.

Another problem was that the extremists camped inside many antiquity monuments, he said. “We need support and aid from the international community. The time has come to mobilize in order to save Syria’s archeology from a catastrophe that concerns us all,” Abdulkarim said.

Bokova meanwhile urged the European Union to strengthen its legislation in relation to the import of cultural property, adding to a range of tough EU measures.

Speaking to journalists on the sidelines of the conference, she however noted that artworks from Syria were trafficked “globally, and not just to Europe and the U.S.”

“The first important step on the international level is the ratification and implementation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention of the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property,” Bokova said.

A total of 129 countries, including Syria, have already ratified the convention but the UNESCO head said “only comprehensive ratification will make it fully effective.”  

Bokova also stressed the need for a global campaign “to counter the propaganda for cultural cleansing” waged by ISIL militants.