Construction surges after public lands opened during ruling AKP rule

Mustafa SÖNMEZ

Construction became the sector that left its mark during the Justice and Development (AKP) regime and this happened after the 2001 crisis. DAILY NEWS photo, Hasan ALTINIŞIK

The visitors coming to Turkey witness construction endeavors wherever they go, Istanbul being at the top. Residences, skyscrapers, offices, shopping malls, hotel constructions… Everywhere is construction, worksites… The story doesn’t end here: urban investments, tunnels, viaducts, highways, bridges, airports, education or health buildings… It seems like some kind of a development explosion.

Construction became the sector that left its mark during the Justice and Development (AKP) regime and this happened after the 2001 crisis. The steep interest rate climate that large capital owners lending to the government benefited from amid the heavy transaction implemented in 2001 and 2002 with the help of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ended as well.

What happened after 2002? The era of saving over construction began in domestic consumption too. The banks, which used to lend to the state before 2001, would turn their faces to consumer loans. The mortgage campaigns would speed up. When The AKP rule attached the Building Land Office, which controls the public lands, to the Housing Development Administration of Turkey (TOKİ), which is directly under the authority of Prime Minister, the enrichment era began in the construction sector. With the TOKİ model, which uses public lands as a kind of capital without spending from the budget, more than 500,000 houses have been constructed in the last 10 years via TOKİ. Small contractors, known as AKP partisans, big industrialists from the past and also financers started to feed from the construction sector.

Building permits jump

The building permits show the explosion in the sector. As the building permits were for 36 million square meters in 2002, it rose to 106 million square meters in 2005, it fell to 101 million square meters in the crisis year 2009 but it hit a record in 2010 with 171 million square meters and it was 151 million square meters last year. In the first quarter of this year, permits were obtained for 31 million square meters, which is a little above the same period a year earlier.

As three quarters of the permits are for houses or habitation, one quarter is for office, hotels, public construction... etc.



The “construction” may not have a determinant size regarding its share in the national income, but it is an activity that brings the other sectors along with itself. When the construction begins, all the construction material – cement, glass, ceramic, brick, color, iron-steel, wood – producer sectors start to take their places. The banks’ credits start to get involved. It is an opportunity for international funds. After finishing the construction of the buildings, its interior equipments pave the way for white goods and the automotive industry. The marketing of houses paves the way for the real estate agents and also the press with ads. It affects many sectors in such an enchainment. However, the main character of these activities is that the house, as merchandise, is a production directed to “domestic market” and its exports – its buyers abroad who pay with foreign exchange – stay limited.

Dependent on imports

The complementary of the construction’s “directed to domestic market” character is its dependency on “imports.” As only land is a local input in the construction, even cement is an exchange-spender sector that uses import energy. The construction provides many building materials via imports while low rate of exchange enhances import. The construction firm groups, which passed from the conventional construction business to the Real Estate Investment Trust, are the biggest importers and also borrowers-users of foreign sources at the same time. Today, as the private sector makes two thirds of Turkey’s foreign debt around $340 billion, the companies active in construction and real estate sectors are the biggest debtors among private sector’s debtors.

The sector’s, which is dependent on domestic demand, exports reach $3 billion at most, insufficient.

The signs of falling domestic demand are no good for the construction sector, specifically when many prestigious construction projects in Istanbul have such high price tags.



Moreover, the outflow of foreign money from Turkey amid the latest decision of the U.S. Federal Reserve (FED) to end the liquidity party and the Gezi protests across Turkey is not good for Turkish economy. Domestic demand has been falling while the dollar is being valued. The construction sector is highly vulnerable to such negative developments. If people start to use less housing loans, the sale of houses will decrease. If then the prices of houses plummet, we can say the sector will see worse days. An increasing exchange rate is not good news for the construction sector players who used foreign loans. They need to overcome such issues unfortunately.