Sardinia's sheep farmers battle bluetongue as climate warms

ARBUS

The sheep huddle together, bleeding from the nose, aborting lambs or suffocating on saliva as they succumb to bluetongue, a virus sweeping through flocks on the Italian island of Sardinia.

Some 20,000 sheep have died so far this year on the island, which is home to nearly half Italy's flock and plays an important role in the production of famed Italian cheeses such as Pecorino.

It is another blow for farmers in a region already battered by a drought aggravated by man-made climate change, which experts say is also fuelling the spread of bluetongue and longer outbreaks.

"The virus hit about two and a half months earlier than usual," 39-year-old farmer Michela Dessi told AFP as she scanned her flock for panting or limping sheep in her fields in Arbus in western Sardinia.

Bluetongue does not present any risks to humans but in animals it causes swollen heads, high fevers, mouth ulcers, difficulty swallowing and breathing, and can turn an infected animal's tongue blue.

It is transmitted between animals by biting midges.

While cattle, goats and deer can get it too, sheep are the most severely affected, according to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH).

The infection rate this year on Dessi's farm is about 60 percent, and some 30 percent of her sheep have aborted.

Nearly 3,000 outbreaks have been recorded so far this year in Sardinia, compared to 371 last year, and the end is not yet in sight.

Bluetongue used to peak in Sardinia in August but has done so as late as November in recent years, according to the region's veterinary research institute (IZS).

"Climatic conditions heavily influence midge populations," the animal health division at the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome told AFP.

They affect "their biting behaviour and the speed of development of the virus, with climate change likely driving the virus's expansion... and contributing to larger outbreaks."

Cases have been reported this year in other European countries, from neighboring France to Portugal, Spain, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Bluetongue has been present in Sardinia since 2000 but Italy's farming lobby Coldiretti says authorities are too slow each year to vaccinate the island's flocks.

The costs of failing to rein it in are high.

A University of Bologna study last year found the 2017 outbreak, which killed 34,500 sheep, cost an estimated 30 million euros ($33 million).

That included damages suffered by farms, deaths, reduced milk yields, infertility, abortions, costs to animal health authorities and subventions paid by the region to affected farms.